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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>n</i>-Vektor-Modell</h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Das <b><i>n</i>-Vektor-Modell</b> oder auch <b>O(<i>n</i>)-Modell</b> ist ein Modell der <a href="Statistische_Physik" title="Statistische Physik">statistischen Physik</a>. Es handelt sich dabei um ein stark vereinfachtes (oder effektives) Modell zur Beschreibung von <a href="Phasen%C3%BCbergang" title="Phasenübergang">Phasenübergängen</a>, <a href="Kritisches_Ph%C3%A4nomen" title="Kritisches Phänomen">kritischem Verhalten</a> und <a href="Magnetismus" title="Magnetismus">Magnetismus</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Klassische_Formulierung">Klassische Formulierung</h2></div>
<p>Im Modell sind (<a href="Klassische_Physik" title="Klassische Physik">klassische</a>) <a href="Spin" title="Spin">Spins</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {S}}}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c71a6b104c40975c738d5f0e22d445ebd509eb81.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.538ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {S}}}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <i>n</i> Komponenten auf den Gitterpunkten eines <a href="Kristallgitter" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristallgitter">Kristallgitters</a> platziert. In der ursprünglichen Formulierung<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> des Modells von <a href="Eugene_Stanley" title="Eugene Stanley">H. E. Stanley</a> aus dem Jahre 1968 wechselwirken dabei lediglich die am nächsten benachbarten Spins <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {S}}_{i}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {S}}_{i}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4fc81a0d9b71dfc937c0aac846b1940c23c37cc6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.338ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {S}}_{i}}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\vec {S}}_{j}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\vec {S}}_{j}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ac544b7f023d26090b25c65115b79e2e5ca8332d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.448ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\vec {S}}_{j}}" loading="lazy"></span> miteinander (<i>nächste Nachbar-Wechselwirkung</i>), und die Spins besitzen Einheitslänge. Die <a href="Hamilton-Funktion" title="Hamilton-Funktion">Hamilton-Funktion</a> ist gegeben als:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H=-J\sum _{\langle i,j\rangle }{\vec {S}}_{i}\cdot {\vec {S}}_{j}}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H=-J\sum _{\langle i,j\rangle }{\vec {S}}_{i}\cdot {\vec {S}}_{j}}</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/80e00cb334f7de675b5dd5843b2378411c9a5d3a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.505ex; width:19.036ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H=-J\sum _{\langle i,j\rangle }{\vec {S}}_{i}\cdot {\vec {S}}_{j}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit der <a href="Kopplungskonstante" title="Kopplungskonstante">Kopplungskonstante</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle J}">
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</p><p>Die Spins besitzen die <a href="Dimension_(Gr%C3%B6%C3%9Fensystem)" title="Dimension (Größensystem)">Dimension</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span>, das Kristallgitter kann aber eine davon unterschiedliche Dimension <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d}">
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</p><p>Das <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span>-Vektor-Modell enthält als Spezialfälle folgende intensiv untersuchte Modelle der statistischen Physik, in denen auch die Diskussion des Modells am besten geschieht:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n=0}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/26819344e55f5e671c76c07c18eb4291fcec85ae.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.656ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n=0}" loading="lazy"></span> – <a href="Selbstmeidender_Pfad" title="Selbstmeidender Pfad">Self-Avoiding Walks (SAW)</a></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n=1}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d9ec7e1edc2e6d98f5aec2a39ae5f1c99d1e1425.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.656ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n=1}" loading="lazy"></span> – das <a href="Ising-Modell" title="Ising-Modell">Ising-Modell</a></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n=2}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a02c8bd752d2cc859747ca1f3a508281bdbc3b34.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.656ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n=2}" loading="lazy"></span> – das (klassische) <a href="XY-Modell" title="XY-Modell">XY-Modell</a></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n=3}">
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1c5a5a42ced00df920fad4ab2d4acdb960a4105b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.656ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n=3}" loading="lazy"></span> – das (klassische) <a href="Heisenberg-Modell" title="Heisenberg-Modell">Heisenberg-Modell</a>.</dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verallgemeinerungen">Verallgemeinerungen</h3></div>
<p>Eine übliche Verallgemeinerung des Modells in allen Spezialfällen ist, nicht nur die Wechselwirkung der nächsten Nachbarn zu betrachten, sondern auch die Wechselwirkungen zwischen weiter entfernten Nachbarn. Dabei kann auch die Kopplungskonstante vom Ort abhängen. Der Hamiltonian ist dann gegeben als:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H=\sum _{i,j}J_{ij}{\vec {S}}_{i}\cdot {\vec {S}}_{j}\qquad i,j:\,\mathrm {Gitterpl{\ddot {a}}tze} }">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H=\sum _{i,j}J_{ij}{\vec {S}}_{i}\cdot {\vec {S}}_{j}\qquad i,j:\,\mathrm {Gitterpl{\ddot {a}}tze} }</annotation>
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</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/df99ffa9087e14b83f9994d4226614f99ed09d7f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:40.197ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H=\sum _{i,j}J_{ij}{\vec {S}}_{i}\cdot {\vec {S}}_{j}\qquad i,j:\,\mathrm {Gitterpl{\ddot {a}}tze} }" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Weitere Verallgemeinerungen sind in den jeweiligen Spezialfällen angegeben.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quantenmechanische_Formulierung">Quantenmechanische Formulierung</h2></div>
<p>In der <a href="Quantenmechanisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantenmechanisch">quantenmechanischen</a> Formulierung betrachtet man nicht mehr klassische, sondern quantenmechanische Spins, ausgedrückt über <a href="Drehimpulsoperator#Spinoperator" class="mw-redirect" title="Drehimpulsoperator">Spinoperatoren</a>. Einer der Hauptunterschiede zwischen ihnen besteht darin, dass die Spinoperatoren in verschiedenen Dimensionen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
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<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span> nicht mehr vertauschen (<a href="Kommutator_(Mathematik)" title="Kommutator (Mathematik)">kommutieren</a>). Die Spezialfälle des <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a601995d55609f2d9f5e233e36fbe9ea26011b3b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.395ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n}" loading="lazy"></span>-Vektor-Modells sind dann:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/26819344e55f5e671c76c07c18eb4291fcec85ae.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.656ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n=0}" loading="lazy"></span> – <a href="Selbstmeidender_Pfad" title="Selbstmeidender Pfad">Self-Avoiding Walks (SAW)</a></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n=1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n=1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d9ec7e1edc2e6d98f5aec2a39ae5f1c99d1e1425.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.656ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n=1}" loading="lazy"></span> – das <a href="Ising-Modell" title="Ising-Modell">Ising-Modell</a></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n=2}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n=2}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a02c8bd752d2cc859747ca1f3a508281bdbc3b34.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.656ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n=2}" loading="lazy"></span> – das (quantenmechanische) <a href="XY-Modell" title="XY-Modell">XY-Modell</a></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n=3}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>n</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>3</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n=3}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1c5a5a42ced00df920fad4ab2d4acdb960a4105b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.656ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n=3}" loading="lazy"></span> – das (quantenmechanische) <a href="Heisenberg-Modell" title="Heisenberg-Modell">Heisenberg-Modell</a>.</dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Quellen">Quellen</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">H. E. Stanley, Phys. Rev. Lett. 20,589 (1968); Phys Rev. 176, 718 (1968)</span>
</li>
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